Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Restless Legs Syndrome

1976-82  M.D., Damascus University Medical School, Damascus, Syria

1983-84 Intern, Internal Medicine, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, IL
1984-86 Resident, Internal Medicine, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, IL
1986-89 Fellow, Dept. of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
1989-90 Pulmonary Research Associate, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin and
Medical School, Madison, WI

1988-1990 Clinical Instructor, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

1990-1996 Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison

1996 Associate Professor with tenure, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin,Madison, WI

1996-2000 Associate Professor, Pulmonary/Critical Care Division, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI

1996-present Director, Sleep Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary/Critical Care Division, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI

1997-present Director, Combined Sleep Fellowship Program, Pulmonary/Critical Care Division, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI

1997-present Associate, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI

1998-1999 Interim Head, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI

1999-present Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI

2000-present Professor, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI

2001-present Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI

2004-2006 Associate Chair for Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine.

2005 Acting Chief, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine Wayne State University School of Medicine.

2005-present Associate Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine

2005-present Chief of Service, Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine

 Original Observations in Refereed Journals:
1. Skatrud JB, Dempsey JA, Badr MS, Begle RL. Effect of high airway impedance on CO2 retention and respiratory muscle activity during NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol, 65:1676-1685, 1988.
2. Begle RL, Badr MS, Skatrud J, Dempsey J. Effect of lung volume on upper airway resistance during NREM sleep. Am Rev Resp Dis, 141:854-860, 1990.
3. Badr MS, Skatrud J, Dempsey J, Begle RL. Effect of mechanical loading on expiratory and inspiratory muscles during NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol, 68:1195-1202, 1990.
4. Skatrud JB, Badr MS, Begle RL, Juan D. Ventilatory response to single high dose estazolam in awake humans. J Clin Pharmacol, 30:543-548, 1990.
5. Badr MS, Grossman J. Positional changes in oxygenation after massive pulmonary embolism. Chest, 98:1514-1516, 1990.
6. Henke KG, Dempsey JA, Badr MS, Kowitz JM, Skatrud JB. Effects of sleep-induced increases in upper airway resistance on respiratory muscle activity. J Appl Physiol, 70:158-168, 1991.
7. Badr MS, Skatrud J, Simon P, Dempsey J. Effect of hypercapnia on total pulmonary resistance during wakefulness and during NREM sleep. Am Rev Resp Dis, 144:406-414, 1991.
8. Simon P, Skatrud J, Badr MS, Iber C, Griffin D, Dempsey J. Role of airway mechanoreceptors in the inhibition of inspiration during mechanical ventilation in humans. Am Rev Resp Dis, 144:1033-1041, 1991.
9. Badr MS, Skatrud JB, Dempsey JA. Determinants of post-stimulus potentiation in humans during NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol, 73:1958-1971, 1992.
10. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr MS. Occurrence of sleep disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med, 328:1230-1235, 1993.
11. Young T, Palta M, Badr MS. Sleep disordered breathing (letter). N Engl J Med, 329:1429-1430, 1993.
12. Badr MS, Skatrud JB, Dempsey JA. Effect of chemoreceptor stimulation and inhibition on total pulmonary resistance in humans during NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol, 76(4): 1682-1692, 1994.
13. Badr MS, Grossman JE, Weber SA. Treatment of refractory sleep apnea with supplemental CO2. Am J Resp Crit Care Med, 150:561-564, 1994.
14. Wetter DW, Young TB, Bidwell TR, Badr MS and Palta M. Smoking as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing. Arch Int Med, 154:2219-2224, 1994.
15. Badr MS, Toiber F, Skatrud JB, Dempsey JA. Pharyngeal narrowing/occlusion during central sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol, (78) 5:1806-1815, 1995.
16. Morrell MJ, Badr MS, Harms CA, Dempsey JA. Assessment of upper airway patency from cardiogenic oscillations in the flow signal. Sleep 18: (8): 651-658, 1995.
17. Badr MS, Kawak AM. Post-hyperventilation hypopnea in humans during NREM Sleep. Resp Physiol 103:137-145, 1996.
18. Morgan B, Crabtree DC, Puleo DS, Badr MS, Toiber F, Skatrud JB. Neurocirculatory consequences of abrupt change in sleep state in humans. J Appl Physiol 80:1627-1636, 1996.
19. Morrell MJ, Dempsey JA, Badr MS. Cardiogenic oscillations and airway patency. (Letter). Sleep 19(3): 256-257, 1996.
20. Young T, Hutton R, Finn F, Badr MS, Palta M. The gender bias in sleep apnea diagnosis: Are women missed because they have different symptoms? Arch Int Med 156:2445-2451, 1996.
21. Kahl B, Kumar A, Hale S, Badr S. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Medical Journal, 96:33-36, 1997.
22. Badr S, Kawak A, Skatrud J, Morrell M, Zahn B, Babcock M. Effect of induced hypopnea on upper airway patency in humans during NREM sleep. Resp Physiol, 110:33-45, 1997.
23. Badr MS, Morgan B, Toiber T, Crabtree D, Poleo N, Finn L, Skatrud J. Ventilatory response to induced auditory arousals during NREM sleep. Sleep 20(9): 707-714, 1997.
24. Taha BH, Werkheiser M, Morrell MJ, Badr MS. Simultaneous digitization of upper airway fiberoptic images and respiratory signals. Sleep 20(10): 883-890, 1997.
25. Taha BH, Dempsey JA, Weber SM, Badr MS, Skatrud JB, Young TB, Jacques AJ and Seow KC. Automated detection and classification of sleep disordered breathing from conventional polysomnography data. Sleep 20:991-1001, 1997.
26. Morrell MJ, Badr MS. Effects of NREM sleep on dynamic within breath changes in upper airway patency in humans. J Appl Physiol 84:190-199, 1998.
27. Rowley JA, Zahn BR, Babcock MA, Badr MS. The effect of rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep on upper airway mechanics in normal subjects. J Physiol (Lond) 510:963-976, 1998.
28. Babcock M, Badr MS. Long-term facilitation in humans during REM sleep. Sleep 21:7, 1998.
29. Morrell MJ, Arabi Y, Zahn BR, Badr MS. Progressive retrophalatal narrowing preceding obstructive apnea. Am J Respir and Crit Care Med 158:1974-1981, 1998.
30. Zhou XS, Shahabuddin S, Zahn BR, Babcock MA, Badr MS. Effect of gender on the development of hypocapnic central apnea/hypopnea during NREM sleep. J Applied Physiol 89:192-199, 2000.
31. Badr, MS, Zahn B. Upper airway resistance syndrome: Images in clinical medicine. N Engl J Med, 432(19):1399-1408, 2000.
32. Yang EH, McHorney CA, Havighurst T, Badr MS, Weber S, Hla KM. Sleep apnea and quality of life. Sleep, 23 535-541, 2000.
33. Rowley JA, Aboussouan LS, Badr MS. The use of clinical prediction formulas in screening for obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 23 (7): 929-930, 2000.
34. Morrell MJ, Finn L, Kim H, Peppard P, Badr MS, Young TB. Sleep fragmentation, daytime blood pressure and sleep disordered breathing in a population-based study. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 162(6):2091-6, 2000.
35. Rowley, JA, Sanders, CS, Zahn, BR, Badr, MS. The effect of rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep on retroglossal cross-sectional area and compliance in normal subjects. J Appl Physiol 91(1):239-48, 2001.
36. Rowley, JA, Zhou X, Vergine I, Shkoukani MA, Badr MS: Influence of gender on upper airway mechanics: upper airway resistance and Pcrit. J Appl Physiol 91(5):2248-2254, 2001.
37. Aboubakr, SE, Taylor A, Ford R, Siddiqi S, Badr MS: Long-term facilitation in obstructive sleep apnea patients during NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol 91(6):2751-2757, 2001.
38. Shkoukani, M, Babcock, M, Badr, MS: Effect of episodic hypoxia on upper airway mechanics in humans during NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol 92:2565-2570, 2002.
39. Rowley JA, Sanders CS, Zhan BR, Badr MS. Gender differences in upper airway compliance during NREM sleep: role of neck circumference. J Appl Physiol 92:2535-2541, 2002.
40. Mansour KF, Rowley JA, Meshenish AA, Shkoukani MA, Badr MS. A mathematical model to detect inspiratory flow limitation during sleep. J Appl Physiol 93: 1084-1092, 2002.
41. Morrell MJ, Arabi Y, Zahn BR, Meyer KC, Finn LA, Skatrud JB, Badr MS. Effects of surfactant on sleep-disordered breathing in humans. Euro Resp J 20:451-457, 2002.
42. Babock M, Shkoukani, Aboubakr, SE and Badr MS. Determinants of long-term facilitation in humans during NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol, 94:53-59, 2003.
43. Zhou XS, Rowley JA, Demirovic F, Diamond MP, Badr, MS. Effect of testosterone on the apneic threshold in females during NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol, 94:101-107,2003.
44. Tarbichi ABS, Rowley JA, Shkoukani MA, Mahadevan K, Badr MS. Lack of gender difference in ventilatory chemoresponsiveness and post-hypoxic ventilatory decline. Res Physiol Neurobio, 137 41-50, 2003.
45. Altarifi A, Badr, MS, Tzelepis GE. Maximal dynamic expiratory pressures with fast and slow inspirations. Eur J Physiol, 89:74-78, 2003.
46. Mansour K, Badr MS, Shkoukani MA, Rowley JA. Mathematical determination of inspiratory upper airway resistance using a polynomial equation. Sleep and Breathing, 7:151-158, 2003.
47. Mateika JA, Mendello C, Obeid D, Badr MS. Peripheral chemoreflex responsiveness to hypoxia is increased following episodic hypoxia in awake humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 96 (3):1197-1205, 2004.
48. Omran AM, Aboubakr SE, Aboussouan LS, Pierchala L, Badr MS. Post-hypoxic ventilatory decline during NREM sleep: influence of sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol. 96:2220-5, 2004.
49. Mansour, KF, Rowley, JA, Badr, MS. Noninvasive determination of upper airway resistance and flow limitation. J Appl Physiol 97:1840-1848, 2004.
50. Morelli C, Badr MS, Mateika JH. Ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide at low and high levels of oxygen are elevated after episodic hypoxia in men compared with women. J Appl Physiol 97(5):1673-80, 2004
51. Mateika JH, Omran Q, Rowley JA, Zhou X, Diamond M, Badr MS. Treatment with leuprolide acetate decreases the threshold of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in healthy males. J Physiol 561:637-646, 2004.
52. Rowley, JA, Tarbichi, AG, Badr, MS. The use of a predicted CPAP equation improves titration CPAP success. Sleep Breath 9:26-32, 2005.
53. Khodadadeh B, Badr MS, Mateika JH. The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide and sustained hypoxia is enhanced after episodic hypoxia in OSA patients. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2005 May 31; [Epub ahead of print].
54. Tashkandi, Y, Badr, MS, Rowley, JA. Determinants of the apnea index in a sleep center population. Sleep Breath 9:181-186, 2005.
55. Mansour KF, Rowley JA, Badr MS. Measurement of pharyngeal cross-sectional area by finite element analysis. J Appl Physiol. 2006 Jan;100(1):294-303. Epub 2005 Sep 8.
56. Rowley JA, Zhou XS, Diamond MP, Badr MS. The determinants of the apnea threshold during NREM sleep in normal subjects. Sleep. 2006 Jan 1;29(1):95-103.
57. Harris DP, Balasubramanian A, Badr MS, Mateika JH. Long-term facilitation of ventilation and genioglossus muscle activity is evident in the presence of elevated levels of carbon dioxide in awake humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 291(4):R1111-9, 2006.
58. Tzelepis GE, Bascom AT, Badr MS, Goshgarian HG. Effects of Theophylline on Respiratory Muscle strength in Patients with Traumatic Tetraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med. 29(3):227-33, 2006.
59. Rowley, JA, Badr, M.S. The influence of gender on polysomnographic indices of sleep apnea severity. (Sleep Breath, In Press 2006)
60. Rowley JA, Deebajah I, Najar A, Badr MS. The influence of episodic hypoxia on collpsibility in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea. (J Appl Physiol, In Press 2006)
61. Halker RB, Pierchala LA and Badr MS. Upper Airway Mechanics and Post-Hypoxic Ventilatory Decline During NREM Sleep. (Respir Physiol & Neurobiol, In Press 2006)
62. Lin, HS, Zuliani, G, Amjad EH, Prasah, AS, Badr, MS, Pan, CG, Rowley, JA. Treatment compliance in patients lost to follow-up after polysomnography. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 136;236-240, 2007.

Review Articles:
1. Henke KG, Badr MS, Skatrud JB, Dempsey JA. Load compensation and respiratory muscle function during sleep (Invited Review). J Appl Physiol, 72(4): 1221-1234, 1992.
2. Johnson BD, Badr MS, Dempsey JA. Impact of the aging pulmonary system on the response to exercise (Invited Review). Clinics in Chest Medicine, 15(2): 229-246, 1994.
3. Badr MS. Effect of ventilatory drive on upper airway patency in humans during NREM sleep. Resp Physiol (Invited Frontiers Review) 103:1-10, 1996.
4. Badr MS. Pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction during sleep. Clinics in Chest Medicine 19(1): 21-32, 1998.
5. Badr MS. Pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea. In: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. Michael Lesch, M.D. and Edmund H. Sonenblick, M.D. Editors. 41(5)323-330, 1999.
6. Rowley JA, Badr, MS. Obstructive sleep apnea: New insights aid in diagnosis. Journal of Resp Dis 21, (8) 505-515, 2000.
7. Rowley JA, Badr MS. Obstructive sleep apnea: the latest treatment strategies. J Respir Dis 21:577-580, 2000.
8. Badr MS. Pathophysiology of Obstructive sleep apnea. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders Company (14) 3, 2002.
9. Badr MS. Gender differences in sleep apnea. Sleep Review.The Journal for Sleep Specialities. March/April 2004.
10. Badr MS. Central Sleep Apnea. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 2005 Jun;32(2):361-74.
11. Badr MS. Approaches and controversies in the management of obstructive sleep apnea in adults.
Continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Minerva Pneumonol 44:197-200, 2005.

1. Dempsey S, Skatrud J, Badr MS, Henke K. Sleep effects on regulation of breathing and respiratory muscle functions in the lung. Crystal RG, West JB, eds., THE LUNG: Scientific Foundation, Raven Press, 1615-29, 1991.
2. Dempsey JA, Badr MS, and Skatrud JR. Regulation of post-hyperpneic breathing stability in sleeping humans. Kuna S, ed., Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sleep and Respiration in Aging Adults, 307-316, 1991.
3. Skatrud JB, Badr MS, Dempsey JA. Modulation of respiratory pattern during NREM sleep. Speck DF, Dekin MS, Revelette WR, Frazier DT, eds., Respiratory Control: Central and peripheral mechanisms. New York: The University Press of Kentucky, 226-230, 1993.
4. Dempsey JA, Harms CA, Morgan BJ, Badr MS, Skatrud JB. Sleep effects on breathing instability. Crystal RG, West JD eds., THE LUNG: Scientific Foundation. Second Edition, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1997:2063-2071, 1996.
5. Badr MS. Management of Sleep apnea/hypopnea. Pulmonary and Critical Care Update. 12(8) Nov 1997.
6. Skatrud JB, Badr MS, Morgan BJ. Control of breathing during sleep and sleep disordered breathing. Altose & Kawakami MD, ed., Control of breathing in health and disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 135:379-422, 1999.
7. Badr MS. Central sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Medicine. Editors: Teofilo L Lee-Chiong, Jr., MD, Mary A. Carskadon, PhD, and Michael J Sateia, MD. Hanley & Belfus, Inc, Medical Publishers, 2001.
8. Badr MS. Pathogenesis of central sleep apnea. Uptodate®, (A pulmonary textbook on CD-ROM). Mark Sanders, MD, Section Editor, Steven Weinberger, MD (Editor), 2002.
9. Badr MS and Strohl, KP. Pathophysiology of Sleep-Disordered Breathing. Baum’s Textbook of Pulmonary Diseases, Seventh Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Section XII, Chapter 69, 1405-1424, 2004.
10. Rowley JA, Badr MS. Breathing during sleep: Ventilation and the upper airway. Carney P, Berry R, Geyer J, eds. Sleep Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 57-72, 2005.
11. Badr MS. Sleep disordered breathing in women. Encyclopedia of Sleep Medicine. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Sleep a Comprehensive Handbook 643-649, 2005.
12. Badr MS, Mateika, JH. Gender differences in sleep-disordered breathing.
13. Badr MS. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine 4:56-59, 2006.
14. Badr MS, Rowley JA. Negative pressure ventilation. Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine 4:450- 455, 2006.
15. Badr MS, Central sleep apnea syndrome. American College of Chest Physicians (PCCU) Volume 21 (2006).
16. Badr MS, Salloum A. Sleep Disorders and Fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia: The Complete Guide From Medical Experts and Patients by Sharon Ostalecki, PhD (In Press).

1. 1999 Methods and composition for the Treatment of Sleep Apnea: Patient #P96222US. Primary Awardee in collaboration with Dr. Keith Meyer.
2. 2003 System for Diagnosing and Treating Sleep Apnea.  PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US03/24188
3. 2003 Method for Simultaneously Recording Synchronous Respiratory Signals and Images of the Pharyngeal Airway.  (Submitted). 
4. 2004  Noninvasive Measurement of Pharyngeal Cross-Sectional Area Using Finite Element Analysis  #04-190.
5. 2004 Digitization and fiber optic images of the pharyngeal upper airway - #04-191.
6. 2006  Automated method to determine resistant, ventilation, carbon dioxide, total time and oxygen saturation.  (Pending 2006)
7. 2006 Automated method to determine EMG activity.  (Pending 2006).